Louis XVIII - LAROUSSE (2024)

(Versailles 1755-Paris 1824), roi de France (1814-1815, 1815-1824), fils du Dauphin (le fils de LouisXV) et de Marie-Josèphe de Saxe.

1. Monsieur : le frère de LouisXVI

Louis Stanislas Xavier naît à Versailles, au beau milieu du règne de Louis XV, son grand-père. Troisième fils du Dauphin Louis et de Marie-Josèphe de Saxe, il reçoit d'abord le titre de comte de Provence. En 1771, il épouse la princesse Louise de Savoie, fille du roi de Sardaigne, dont il n'a pas d'enfants. Quand, en 1774, son frère, le duc de Berry, monte sur le trône sous le nom de LouisXVI, il est appelé Monsieur et devient le deuxième personnage du royaume. Cherchant à soigner sa popularité, il joue au prince éclairé, à l'homme d'esprit voltairien et libertin.

En 1787, à l'Assemblée des notables, il affiche des opinions libérales, se déclarant partisan du principe de doublement de la représentation du tiers état aux États généraux et, dans les premiers mois de la Révolution, il se garde bien de condamner le mouvement. En décembre 1789, il essaie d'obtenir la lieutenance générale du royaume, mais Marie-Antoinette s'y oppose. Compromis dans la conspiration de Favras, il comparaît volontairement devant la Commune de Paris, se disculpe et désavoue les conjurés.

2. En exil

En juin 1791, Louis gagne Bruxelles, d'où il rejoint son frère, le comte d'Artois, à Coblence. Lors de son exil, il travaille à la restauration de la monarchie, exhorte LouisXVI à la résistance et tente de trouver un appui auprès des cours européennes comme auprès des émigrés. Parallèlement il forme un réseau d'espionnage royaliste en France et prend contact avec les vendéens.

Le 21janvier 1793, après l'exécution de Louis XVI, Monsieur prend le titre de régent, titre que les Cours se refusent à entériner, et il se réfugie à Vérone. Mais la mort de son neveu Louis XVII, le 8juin 1795, le fait roi de France. Il prend le nom de LouisXVIII et lance sa première proclamation de Vérone, maladroite et brutale. En 1796, le Directoire lance un ultimatum à la République de Venise, qui l'expulse de Vérone, et il doit se réfugier à Mitau (auj. Ielgava) [1798] en Courlande, puis, après le traité de Tilsitt, en Suède et enfin en Angleterre (1807). Durant toutes ces années, peu aidé par les monarques européens, il connaît les souffrances de l'exil et vit dans une réelle gêne financière.

3. Le retour d'un roi

Louis doit attendre la chute de Napoléon pour pouvoir restaurer la monarchie en France: le 6avril 1814, grâce au soutien de l'Angleterre et aux intrigues de Talleyrand, le Sénat appelle au trône «Louis Stanislas Xavier, frère du dernier roi»; celui-ci débarque à Calais le 24avril et s'engage, par la déclaration de Saint-Ouen (2mai), à pratiquer un gouvernement constitutionnel. Une Charte constitutionnelle est promulguée le 4juin: celle-ci reconnaît les principes fondamentaux de liberté, d'égalité et de propriété, y compris pour les biens nationaix. La liberté religieuse est assurée, mais le catholicisme est religion d'État. Il n'y a pas rééllement de sépération des pouvoirs car le roi participe au législatif, mais deux chambres limitent son pouvoir : la Chambre des pairs, qu'il nomme, et celle des députés, élue au suffrage censitaire.

L'installation au pouvoir est de courte durée puisque, moins d'un an après, Napoléon reconquiert la France: c'est l'épisode des Cent-Jours (mars-juin 1815), durant lequel LouisXVIII se réfugie à Gand.

Pour en savoir plus, voir l'article première Restauration.

4. La seconde Restauration

Après la seconde abdication de Napoléon, LouisXVIII rentre de nouveau à Paris (8juillet 1815). Le roi est revenu sur le trône malgré bien des réticences de la part des Alliés, qui n'ont accepté la seconde Restauration que grâce à de tortueuses négociations menées par le ministre de la Police, Fouché. LouisXVIII s'entend peu aux affaires, mais il cherche à composer avec les idées de l'heure et donc à ne pas rejeter tout l'héritage de la Révolution et de l'Empire. Il s'efforce de limiter les représailles que font subir les royalistes ultras aux bonapartistes et aux libéraux (→la Terreur blanche), et il cherche à établir une politique de réconciliation nationale, grâce à une politique libérale de juste milieu. Celle-ci est incarnée en la personne de son ministre favori, Decazes, qu'il soutient au besoin contre son frère le comte d'Artois (le futur CharlesX) –porte-parole des ultras– pendant quatre ans.

L'assassinat du duc de Berry (février 1820) fait échouer cette politique libérale et met fin à la carrière de Decazes, provoquant une réaction brutale (loi de sûreté générale, loi sur la presse). LouisXVIII perd son rôle d'arbitre et laisse gouverner les hommes de droite comme le duc de Richelieu et Villèle, l'ultraroyaliste, qui garde le pouvoir à partir de 1821 et amorce la politique de réaction qui continuera sous le règne de CharlesX (1824).

Pour en savoir plus, voir l'article seconde Restauration.

Louis XVIII - LAROUSSE (2024)

FAQs

What is Louis XVIII best known for? ›

Louis XVIII's reign saw France's first experiment in parliamentary government since the Revolution. The King was invested with executive powers and had “legislative initiative,” whereas a largely advisory parliament voted on laws and approved the budget.

Was Louis XVIII a liberal? ›

The King of Belgium wrote: “History will state that Louis XVIII was a most liberal monarch, reigning with great mildness and justice to his end, but that his brother [Charles X], from his despotic and harsh disposition, upset all the other had done and lost the throne.”

Who became King of France after his brother Louis XVIII died? ›

Charles X 1757-1836

He ascended to the throne in 1824 as Charles X and tried to ensure the concrete continuation of the monarchy more than 30 years after the French Revolution.

How did Louis XVIII change the French government? ›

The Great Powers occupying Paris demanded that Louis XVIII implement a constitution. Louis responded with the Charter of 1814, which included many progressive provisions: freedom of religion, a legislature composed of a lower house styled the Chamber of Deputies and an upper house, styled the Chamber of Peers.

Why is Louis so important? ›

What is Louis XIV known for? Louis XIV, king of France (1643–1715), ruled his country, principally from his great palace at Versailles, during one of the country's most brilliant periods. Today he remains the symbol of absolute monarchy of the classical age.

Who was the greatest king Louis? ›

King of France and Navarre 1638 – 1715

The reign of Louis XIV is often referred to as “Le Grand Siècle” (the Great Century), forever associated with the image of an absolute monarch and a strong, centralised state.

What happened to Napoleon's son? ›

The child was never to see his father again, kept as he was in Austria with his mother and grandfather in the Palace of Schönbrunn in Vienna. Napoleon François was to remain there for the rest of his short life. He died of a lung infection (tuberculosis) at the age of 21 on 22 July, 1832.

Which Louis was overthrown? ›

In 1792 he was tried by the revolutionaries. The monarchy was formally abolished, and “Year I” of the French Republic was declared. Louis XVI died at the guillotine on 21 January 1793. He was the last king to live at the Palace of Versailles, and the revolutionaries duly gave him the nickname “Louis the Last”.

Was Louis XVI intelligent? ›

He did have an excellent memory, a keen knowledge of English and Latin, and an interest in history and geography. However, he would become known for his weakness of character and lack of political insight, especially in the critical crises that culminated in the French Revolution.

Did king Louis have an illegitimate brother? ›

Louis XIV was the longest-reigning king of France. He had one brother, Philippe I, Duke of Orleans, and many illegitimate half-brothers and sisters from his father's affairs. His father did legitimize some of his illegitimate children following the death of his first wife.

Who was the last queen of France? ›

Marie Antoinette was born in Vienna on 2 November 1755, the daughter of Holy Roman Emperor Francis I and Habsburg Empress Maria Theresa. Her marriage with the future Louis XVI, celebrated in the Royal Chapel at Versailles on 16 May 1770, was partly the work of the Duke de Choiseul.

Who was king when Napoleon was exiled? ›

Louis XVIII (17 November 1755 – 16 September 1824) was King of France from April 1814 to March 1815 and again from July 1815 to September 1824.

How tall was Napoleon? ›

Sources consequently estimate that Napoleon was probably closer to 5'6” or 5'7” (1.68 or 1.7 meters) than to 5'2”. Although the range may seem short by 21st-century standards, it was typical in the 19th century, when most Frenchmen stood between 5'2” and 5'6” (1.58 and 1.68 meters) tall.

Who ruled France after Louis XVIII? ›

Louis XVIII died on September 16, 1824, and was succeeded by his brother, the comte d'Artois, who took the title of Charles X.

Who took over France when Napoleon was exiled? ›

When Louis XVIII, King of France, returned to his country to ascend the throne after Napoleon's 1814 abdication, he sailed from England, his home for the preceding seven years. The king's younger brother, the Count of Artois (future King Charles X of France), had lived in England for even longer.

Why was King Louis famous? ›

Louis XIV's reign was important in French history not just because it lasted so long but because he was a strong-willed ruler who was determined to make his subjects obey him and to make his kingdom the predominant power in Europe.

What is Jean Louis known for? ›

This Hollywood costume designer is best known for his creation of the strapless black gown worn by Rita Hayworth in Gilda (1946). He also designed the gowns worn by Loretta Young. (Decades later, he and Miss Young would marry.)

Why was Louis VII important? ›

Louis VII (born c. 1120—died Sept. 18, 1180, Paris) was a Capetian king of France who pursued a long rivalry, marked by recurrent warfare and continuous intrigue, with Henry II of England. In 1131 Louis was anointed as successor to his father, Louis VI, and in 1137 he became the sole ruler at his father's death.

What is Louis the German known for? ›

Louis the German (c. 806/810 – 28 August 876), also known as Louis II of Germany, was the first king of East Francia, and ruled from 843 to 876 AD.

References

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